Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Fatima Husainy,
• Dmitry Aldakov and
• Cyril Aumaître

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1068–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.88

• mode (DHe-KPFM spectroscopy), and 2D dynamic images can be acquired in data cube mode. The capabilities of DHe-KPFM in terms of time-resolved measurements, surface photovoltage (SPV) imaging, and detection of weak SPV signals are demonstrated through a series of experiments on difference surfaces: a

• ; intermodulation; KPFM; nc-AFM; surface photovoltage; time-resolved measurements; Introduction Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is a well-known variant of AFM that allows probing at the nanoscale the electrostatic landscape on the surface of a sample by measuring the so-called contact potential difference

• reference signals. Dual-heterodyne KPFM (DHe-KPFM) dramatically enhances the sensitivity to “weak” (i.e., a few mV) surface photovoltage signals, thanks to the amplification by the second resonance mode. Time-resolved measurements can be performed in data-cube mode, by recording spectra of the SPV Fourier

Direct measurement of surface photovoltage by AC bias Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Masato Miyazaki,
• Yasuhiro Sugawara and
• Yan Jun Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 712–720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.63

• perform time-resolved measurements of SPV [23][26][27]. In this paper, we propose a novel method of directly measuring the local SPV, namely AC bias Kelvin probe force microscopy (AC-KPFM), which is based on a lock-in technique (widely used in standard KPFM setups) and controls the AC bias to nullify a

Measurement of electrostatic tip–sample interactions by time-domain Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Christian Ritz,
• Tino Wagner and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 911–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.76

• response in the frequency shift Δf. The time-resolved measurements of both signals are shown on the right, the resulting Kelvin parabola on the left. From this information, the controller continuously estimates the contact potential difference Ulcpd, the capacitance gradient C′′, and the frequency shift

Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Olivier Bardagot and
• Renaud Demadrille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 323–337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.24

• ); organic photovoltaics; photocarrier dynamics; pump–probe configuration; time-resolved measurements; Introduction Many emerging photovoltaic technologies rely on the use of thin film materials displaying structural and/or chemical heterogeneities at the μm or nm scale. This is the case for solution

• called a trap-assisted or trap-delayed recombination. Results and Discussion pp-KPFM upon electrical pumping The ability to perform time-resolved measurements using this pp-KPFM implementation was validated by a series of single-point spectroscopy measurements applying electrical pumping on a highly

Magnetic and luminescent coordination networks based on imidazolium salts and lanthanides for sensitive ratiometric thermometry

• Pierre Farger,
• Cédric Leuvrey,
• Mathieu Gallart,
• Pierre Gilliot,
• Guillaume Rogez,
• João Rocha,
• Duarte Ananias,
• Pierre Rabu and
• Emilie Delahaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2775–2787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.259

• the spectrofluorometer and the excitation spectra were corrected for the spectral distribution of the lamp intensity using a photodiode reference detector. Time-resolved measurements were carried out with the pulsed Xe–Hg lamp excitation, in front-face acquisition mode. The temperature was controlled

Multimodal noncontact atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations of organolead tribromide perovskite single crystals

• Yann Almadori,
• David Moerman,
• Jaume Llacer Martinez,
• Philippe Leclère and
• Benjamin Grévin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1695–1704, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.161

• the photocarrier transport on the sole basis of KPFM data. This uncertainty is largely due to the contributions of the ionic species to the surface potential contrasts [6][8][9][10]. Time-resolved measurements have especially shown that intra-grain ion-migration mechanisms [9] can significantly impact

• different densities. Different symbols (indicated in the figure captions) corresponding to each density are used hereafter to plot the curves. Spectroscopic and time-resolved measurements An arbitrary waveform generator (AWG, Keysight 33622A) was used to operate the laser sources in digital modulation mode

• tip height (z(t)) as the sample is subjected to an illumination sequence. Time-resolved measurements of the sub-millisecond SPV decays were performed by recording spectroscopic curves of the average surface potential as a function of the modulation frequency of the illumination source. By analyzing

Artifacts in time-resolved Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Sascha Sadewasser,
• Nicoleta Nicoara and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1272–1281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.119

• characterization, and knowledge of the nanoscale charge-carrier dynamics can provide valuable insight into device functionality and limitations in device performance. As a consequence, recently, several techniques for time-resolved measurements with time resolution down to picoseconds have been developed. In the

• 10.3762/bjnano.9.119 Abstract Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) has been used for the characterization of metals, insulators, and semiconducting materials on the nanometer scale. Especially in semiconductors, the charge dynamics are of high interest. Recently, several techniques for time-resolved

• measurements with time resolution down to picoseconds have been developed, many times using a modulated excitation signal, e.g., light modulation or bias modulation that induces changes in the charge carrier distribution. For fast modulation frequencies, the KPFM controller measures an average surface

Spin-chemistry concepts for spintronics scientists

• Konstantin L. Ivanov,
• Alexander Wagenpfahl,
• Carsten Deibel and
• Jörg Matysik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1427–1445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.143

• experiments or in a time-resolved fashion. Time-resolved measurements can reveal very unusual behavior of the reaction rate of radical pair recombination: this rate has an oscillatory component due to the coherent nature of singlet−triplet mixing [65][66][67]. The oscillations, often termed “quantum beats

Overview of nanoscale NEXAFS performed with soft X-ray microscopes

• Peter Guttmann and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 595–604, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.61

• ] and for the investigation of magnetic nanostructures [46][47]. In the latter case the magnetic properties as a function of an applied magnetic field as well as time resolved measurements [48] are performed to study the electronic functionalities for example in magnetic random access memories (MRAMS

• the nanoscale range and allows time resolved measurements [57]. With the new optical concept of the HZB-TXM it was demonstrated for the first time that NEXAFS by studying sodium titanate nanostructures at the Ti-L-absorption edge in the soft X-ray region can be performed with a full field microscope

The effect of surface charge on nonspecific uptake and cytotoxicity of CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots

• Vladimir V. Breus,
• Anna Pietuch,
• Marco Tarantola,
• Thomas Basché and
• Andreas Janshoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 281–292, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.26

• insulators, blocking the current flow at the applied frequency of 4 kHz and thereby enhancing the impedance signal. Time-resolved measurements of the cellular impedance signal provide information about the behavior of the adherent epithelial cell monolayer and its response upon nanoparticle exposure [25][26

Mammalian cell growth on gold nanoparticle-decorated substrates is influenced by the nanoparticle coating

• Christina Rosman,
• Sebastien Pierrat,
• Marco Tarantola,
• David Schneider,
• Eva Sunnick,
• Andreas Janshoff and
• Carsten Sönnichsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2479–2488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.257

• electrode is shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4. Time-resolved measurements of Z at a fixed frequency, for instance a frequency at which the impedance is largely influenced by the parameter αECIS, allows for the observation of the micromotion of cells. This micromotion therefore occurs due to

Kelvin probe force microscopy of nanocrystalline TiO₂ photoelectrodes

• Alex Henning,
• Gino Günzburger,
• Res Jöhr,
• Yossi Rosenwaks,
• Biljana Bozic-Weber,
• Catherine E. Housecroft,
• Edwin C. Constable,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 418–428, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.49

• ., surface topography and potential, are still unclear and have the potential to increase the efficiency and long-term stability of the devices. Investigations of nanoscaled photovoltaic devices require nanometer-scale measuring methods, including time-resolved measurements of the carrier dynamics [15][16

Nanostructured, mesoporous Au/TiO₂ model catalysts – structure, stability and catalytic properties

• Matthias Roos,
• Dominique Böcking,
• Kwabena Offeh Gyimah,
• Gabriela Kucerova,
• Joachim Bansmann,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Nicola Hüsing and
• R. Jürgen Behm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 593–606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.63

• room temperature, and in particular on ii) exploring the role of transport effects in these films on the reaction characteristics, both by locally resolved measurements on microstructured samples by means of higher resolution scanning mass spectrometry and by time-resolved measurements, e.g., in a